1. LATHE
The lathe is the earliest machine tools and it is a versatile widely used machine tool. So it is known as mother machine tool
Common Operations Lathe Machine: -
Facing, turning, drilling, threading, knurling, boring etc.
Types
of lathe: -
- Speed lathe
- Engine or center lathe
- Bench lathe
- Tool room lathe
- Capstan and turret lathe
- Automatic lathe
- Special purpose lathe
Principle Parts of A Lathe
Machine: -
Bed, head-stock, tail-stock, carriage, and feed mechanics etc.
1. Bed: - it is the base of machine, all parts bolted on it. It mad of east iron which is also known as semi steel.
2. Head-stock: - it is a fixed part of lathe and it present on left side of bed. It consists with spindle and chuck where spindle rotate the chuck and chuck hold the work piece and rotate.
3. Tail-stock: - it situated on
right side of bed. It is function to support the job when required. Mostly used
when work piece is long rod. And also while performing drilling operating
drilling operation. It consist hand wheel and ram clamp.
Hand wheel to move the tail-stock forward and backward and ram clamp to lock the
tail-stock at any required position.
4. Carriage: it is situated on between the head-stock and tail-stock. It made by cast iron. It’s function to move the tool part horizontally and vertically. It consists following parts.
- Hand traveling wheel: - to move left or right carriage.
- Crosse slide hand wheel: - to move front or back to carriage.
- Saddle: - on the top it supports the cross slide
- Compound rest: - it is used to support the cutting tool.
- Tool post: - it clamps the cutting tool or holding at required position.
- Apron: - it contains all the control of the carriage.
5. Feed machine: - the movement of the tool relative to the work it termed as feed there are three types of fed mechanics in lathe-
- Longitudinal feed
- Cross feed
- Angular feed
Lathe
Operations
- Centering: After locating center a hole producing by countersunk tool or drill.
- Facing: - Making flat of end of the work piece.
- Plain turning: - Operation of removing excess amount of material from the surface.
- Step turning: - Producing various steps of different diameters.
- Taper turning: - Producing external conical surface.
- Drilling: - Making hole in the work piece.
- Reaming: -. Finishing the previously drilled hole.
- Boring: - Enlarging a hole already made in a work piece.
- Grooving (under cutting): - Reducing diameter of a work piece over a very narrow surface.
- Threading: - Both external and internal thread can be cut on lathe.
- Knurling: - Making a pattern or diamond pattern, angular cut on bed, or cross lines rolled into the material.
2. CNC Machine
[COMPUTER NUMERICAL
CONTROL MACHINE]
It is used to control the machining process like lathe, drilling, cutting, milling etc. by the help of computer. In this process a program is setup in the computer and then it is fed into CNC machine that control the overall activity of the machine.
The
components of the CNC machine are described below: -
1. Input Device: - In this process we input our data and construction as program to the CNC machine. It consist of following-
- Punch tap reader
- Magnetic tape reader
- RES-232-C
2. Machine Control Unit: - It is the heart of the CNC machine. It controls all the instruction and function of CNC machine.
3. Machine Tool: - Machine tool that is machine table and spinal control the position and speed of CNC machine.
# Machine table : It control in
X-axis and Y-axis direction.
# Spindle control : It control
in Z-axis direction.
4. Driving System: - It consists of amplifier circuit drive motto and ball.
5. Feedback System: - The system consists of transducer that acts like a cancer which controls the position of speed of cutting tool.